In addition to their different developmental origins, these cells have distinct transcriptome signatures and functions. In contrast, choroid macrophages may originate from blood-born myeloid cells during both embryonic development and adulthood and represent a more dynamic sub-population. It is now accepted that parenchymal microglia as well as perivascular and meningeal macrophages possess longevity and self-renewal ability dictating their life-long persistence. Similarly, in boundary regions, non-parenchymal perivascular and meningeal macrophages have shown restricted origin from hematopoietic precursors during embryonic development. Importantly, in contrast to other types of neuroglia, which have ectodermal origin, microglia originate from yolk-sac myeloid cells that migrate within a restricted time-window during the embryonic development to populate the neuroepithelium and further the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. He provided the initial description of the morphological heterogeneity and suggested the transformation of microglia to amoeboid phenotype in brain diseases. A century ago, the Spanish neuroscientist Pio Del Rio Hortega identified and described histologically microglia in silver carbonate staining as a part of “the third element” of the nervous system.
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